First, growing knowledge and awareness of the SPS trait seemed to increasingly be influencing participants’ wellbeing. In N = 795 participants (n = 303 monozygotic twins, n = 172 dizygotic twins and n = 267 non-twin full siblings), moderate to … Emotion 6(3):484–497, Tsai JL, Park B (2014) The cultural shaping of happiness. Essentially, this means that introverted individuals (and other sensitive members of society) existing within WEIRD cultures may experience a poor fit with their wider cultural context. Notably, although the trait appears to have some overlapping characteristics with introversion, ~30% of high-SPS individuals also score high on extraversion. Almost all existing models of subjective wellbeing include an emotional dimension, with scales specifically focusing on high-arousal emotions. In psychology, these are called individual differences referring to the extent and kind of variations or similarities among people on some of the important psychological aspects such as intelligence, personality, interest, and aptitude. For instance, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-9; World Health Organization, 1978) has for several decades (until the release of ICD-10) listed “introverted personality” (Code 301.21) and “introverted personality disorder of childhood” (Code 313.22) as personality disorders. All interviewees stated that including contemplative practices in their day was important for their wellbeing, and simultaneously expressed a desire to practice it more consistently. The phenotype or the expressed forms of our characteristics depend on contributions of the socio-cultural environment. Economic differences are seen causing differences in the children’s interests, tendencies and character, etc. On the other hand women on the average show small superiority over men in memory, language and aesthetic sense. J Personal 83(5):564–574. Counseling Psychologist 44(5):730–757, Crisp R (Ed.) Measuring well-being: a comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. While this did not eventuate, several personality disorders include introverted traits as part of their diagnostic criteria (e.g., Avoidant Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder (DSM-V, 2013). J Psychiatr Pract 16(6):375–386. J Posit Psychol 10(2):141–152, Ryan RM, Deci EL (2017) Self-determination theory. However, this extravert-centric conception of wellbeing does not fit many individuals who live within WEIRD societies, and this mismatch can have detrimental effects on these individuals’ wellbeing (Fulmer et al., 2010; Stephens et al., 2012). There are various characteristics which throw light on the nature of Personality. Hence, a successful entrepreneur is required to have knowledge of these subjects. It is a branch of knowledge that governs right and wrong conducts and behaviours of an individual, profession, group or organization. Teach Learn Med 27(1):99–104. Differences in intelligence: There are differences in intelligence level among different individuals. Second, each transcribed interview was sent to the interviewee for validation. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886, Mathews G (2012) Happiness, culture, and context. Wellbeing: a complete reference guide. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X, Hone LC, Jarden A, Schofield GM, Duncan S (2014) Measuring flourishing: the impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037, Huppert FA (2014) The state of wellbeing science. The effects of sensory-processing sensitivity and sense of coherence on depressive symptoms in university students. Numerous studies find significant differences between WEIRD and non-WEIRD societies across a range of behavioral and cognitive indices (e.g., Benet-Martínez, 2006; Disabato et al., 2020; Hendriks et al., 2019; Koopmann-Holm and Tsai, 2014; Laajaj et al., 2019; Lim, 2016; Tsai et al., 2006; Tsai et al., 2006; Tsai and Park, 2014; Wong et al., 2011). Future studies might consider the extent to which balance and harmony are specific to highly sensitive individuals or might be true of other individuals as well. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.045, Steadman P (2008) ICD-11 and DSM-V: time to revisit the introversion/extroversion debate? https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209, Eatough V, Smith JA (2017) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. It consists of the following features − Perception − Result of different senses like feeling, hearing etc. There are many such examples, who did not become great because of inheritance but because of the environment. “Individual differences are found in all psychological characteristics physical mental abilities, knowledge, habit, personality and character traits.” “The psychology of individual differences is largely the study of group differences. Broadway Books, New York, Aron EN (2004) Revisiting Jung’s concept of innate sensitiveness. Yet the influence of these cultural norms on findings is mostly unacknowledged. Springer, Heidelberg, Zimmerman JG (1799) Solitude considered, with respect to its influence upon the mind and the heart, 8th edn. Personality and flourishing: exploring Sensory Processing Sensitivity and wellbeing in an Australian adult population (unpublished manuscript); Sobocko and Zelenski, 2015; Yano et al., 2020). Many of a learner’s personal characteristics can affect how he or she learns. Google Scholar, The Treasury New Zealand Government. Article Nature of Personality. Still, a few studies focused on functional aspects of SPS do exist, suggesting that high-SPS can also relate to positive outcomes (Black and Kern, 2020. While our results cannot be generalized across broader populations, they suggest that to capture a full range of individual experiences, measures should include both high- and low-valence emotions, and not assume that a person lacks wellbeing simply because they are not excited, enthusiastic or joyful. Recent research further demonstrates the benefits of solitude for wellbeing (Leary et al., 2003; Leontiev, 2019; Long and Averill, 2003; Nguyen et al., 2018), yet this seemingly important wellbeing component does not appear in any of the commonly used wellbeing models or measures (e.g., Diener et al., 1985; Linton et al., 2016; Ryff, 1989a). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00110.x, Skinner N, Pocock B (2008) Work-life conflict: is work time or work overload more important? J Personal Soc Psychol 92(3):434–457. Future studies might benefit from further investigating factors that create a sense of overwhelm, and strategies that effectively decrease this sense for different individuals. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a, Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010b) The weirdest people in the world? PubMed Google Scholar. C. Dilly, London. Interestingly, participants emphasized the importance of balance or harmony across different dimensions. Thus, sex differences play a vital role in the development of individuals personality. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000273, Sutton A (2016) Measuring the effects of self-awareness: construction of the self-awareness outcomes questionnaire. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, pp. Just as introversion is not highly valued in WEIRD cultures (Fulmer et al., 2010), sensitivity is not highly valued (Aron, 1996, 2004), and high-SPS individuals living in Australia might feel a mismatch between their innate attributes and the culture in which they live (Aron, 2011). The specific causes and mechanisms of high-SPS wellbeing are beyond the scope of this study but could present a worthwhile focus for future research. In: Gruber J, Moskowitz JT (eds.) Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, You can also search for this author in Our results also align with existing research showing positive associations between self-acceptance and psychological wellbeing (Lindfors et al., 2006; Ryff, 1989a, 2014). Interestingly, interview participants mostly did not explicitly mention feeling a mismatch between their innate sensitivity and the surrounding extravert-centric culture. (2019). The characteristics of management can be described as follows: Characteristic # 1. Black. This dominant view of extraversion as desirable and preferable is accompanied by some potentially harmful consequences—such as the pathologizing of introversion. This means that the dominance of social norms can negatively impact upon individuals who experience wellbeing in different ways. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5226, Article Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Eight participants highlighted that the emotional dimension was represented by low-arousal positive emotions, such as calmness, relaxation, and peacefulness, rather than the high-arousal emotions typical of WEIRD cultures. […] I’m definitely going to read up on it because that goes a long way to explain that. It is an act of courage flung in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitutes the individual, the most successful adaptation to … They identified emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social strategies that they engage to stay well despite social pressures. ICD-9: International classification of diseases: Ninth revision. The dictionary also defines nurture as “bringing up, fostering care” which implies learning and training to regulate or correct behaviour and thinking. Article BMJ Open 6(e010641). Indeed, learning about their sensitivity provided an explanation for these differences, which several interviewees found empowering. J Personal 86(2):158–172. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Identifying the Individual Differences Among Students During Learning and Teaching Process by Science Teachers. Four interviewees spoke of being naturally optimistic and hopeful. Theory Psychol 18(5):563–589. Individual Differences These 9 basic dimensions differentiate us from one another. For instance, one participant shared how she paced herself instead of “jumping in at the deep end and getting myself in a bit of a fix,” while another reported taking affirmative action in response to her stress: “I shift more toward getting goals achieved rather than focusing on reducing my stress, if I’m a bit stressed I may as well channel it into something productive.”, Another challenge mentioned by participants was having strong emotional responses. Further, while influences of culture on personality (Diener et al., 2003; Triandis and Suh, 2002) and wellbeing (Diener, 2000; Disabato et al., 2016; Galinha et al., 2013; Mathews, 2012) are well recognized, studies often follow nomothetic approaches, focusing on identifying generalizable patterns and norms across numerous people. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015634, Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Cross-Cultural Psychol 44(3):416–437, Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Kaufman SB (2017). Using semi-structured interviews, this study investigated idiographic conceptions and experiences of wellbeing within high-SPS individuals living in Australia. Conscientiousness demonstrates moderate correlations with affective dimensions, with stronger associations with achievement and social competence dimensions (Friedman and Kern, 2014; Steel et al., 2008). Our findings represent specific individuals living within a specific sociohistorical context. The question of how much or how little of each wellbeing component might be needed (for people to thrive) generally goes unacknowledged in current wellbeing literature. An effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by considering these individual differences of … By combining multiple perspectives from individuals high in SPS, the current study provides a richer understanding of how some individuals—those who are high in SPS but also experience high levels of wellbeing—conceive of and create wellbeing. I definitely find that hard,” or “I’m so bad at this!” One interviewee pointed to the emotional discomfort inherent in this challenge: “if you always say yes to everything, (but) you feel bad if you say no.” This challenge was noted across work and social domains. These findings highlight the advantage of idiographic approaches (like the current study), which can provide valuable insights that are often not seen in quantitative studies. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Emotion 9(4):441–456. It is often said that no two individuals are exact duplicates; they differ from each other in some way or the other. Concepts, measures, interventions, and policies. The characteristics an individual acquires by observing, practicing and learning from others and the surroundings is known as learned characteristics. Their basic assumption is that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Narrative Inq 9(1):69–96. The most popular research work done by Freud deals with the identification of self-concept. Front Psychol 5(08 Sept):976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976, Article Formal philosophical treatment of individual differences in intellect, integrity, and motivation, for example, can easily be traced back at least to Plato, and evidence indicates that testing for such … Guilford Press, New York, Ryff CD (1989a) Happiness is everything, or is it? Introversion (a personality characteristic) and negative emotions (a wellbeing characteristic) are looked down upon or even pathologized (e.g., Davidson et al., 2015; Fudjack, 2013). As summarized in Table 1, 32 dimensions were identified. PubMed Central Participants were able to choose a suitable interview time via a secure online scheduling application, and informed consent was obtained before starting and recording each interview. A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological Sci 21(11):1563–1569, Galinha IC, Oishi S, Pereira C, Wirtz D, Esteves F (2013) The role of personality traits, attachment style, and satisfaction with relationships in the subjective well-being of Americans, Portuguese, and Mazambicans. Emotion 12(2):290–303, Zevnik L (2014) Critical perspectives in happiness research. While the findings do not necessarily generalize to people beyond the study, these idiographic case studies provide insights into individual experiences of wellbeing, providing richer descriptions of how some individuals are able to successfully navigate clashes between their personality and the social context in which they live. Predominant characteristics of high-SPS individuals (e.g., Aron, 1996, 2004, 2011) run counter to broader social discourses around wellbeing that dominate WEIRD cultures such as Australia. It’s where you wake up every morning and you’ve got so many spoons, and it might take a spoon to have a shower, and a spoon to complete a certain task. In: Robins RW, Fraley C, Krueger RF (Eds.) How does the nature-nurture debate apply to human behavior and personality? Google Scholar, Hartup WW, Stevens N (1999) Friendships and adaptation across the life span. While many contemporary psychologists and other individuals agree that development is influenced by both nature and nurture, the participation of genetics vs. environment is still a hot topic, particularly when certain subjects are discussed, such as … https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x, Tsai JL, Knutson B, Fung HH (2006) Cultural variation in affect valuation. The phenotype or the expressed forms of our characteristics depend on contributions of the socio-cultural environment. Although we have been colonized by several countries, many core values from our ancestors remained intact and are still honored to this day. It is an expression of a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a person, place, thing, or event. Ten participants spoke to the importance of purposeful cognitive recognition of the self, including awareness of their own wellbeing needs. Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is commonly characterized by a propensity for deep and complex processing of sensory information, easy over-arousal from sensory input (e.g., strong smells and tastes, sounds, temperatures), strong emotional reactivity and empathy, and increased awareness of subtleties in the environment (Aron and Aron, 1997). (b) Phenotype describes an individual’s observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin color, height, and build. Such debates highlight the need to advocate for the quieter members of our WEIRD societies—those who fall on the more introverted and sensitive end of these continuums. Within the semi-structured interviews (see Supplementary Information), the interviewer noted several examples of wellbeing (e.g., positive emotions, absorption). A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.003, World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135200, Tsai JL (2007) Ideal affect: cultural causes and behavioral consequences. Indeed, valuing and desiring low-intensity positive emotions, and meeting these ideal levels, has been shown more beneficial to health (predicting fewer physical health symptoms) than meeting ideal high-intensity emotion levels (Scheibe et al., 2013); our findings support this view. 35–50, Smith JA, Flowers P, Larkin M (2009) Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. Curr Directions Psychological Sci 8(3):76–79, Hefferon K, Ashfield A, Waters L, Synard J (2017) Understanding optimal human functioning-The ‘call for qual’ in exploring human flourishing and well-being. Beyond trait-focused research, narrative studies find that coherence of one’s self narrative identity links to greater wellbeing (Baerger and McAdams, 1999), generativity, and psychosocial adaptation (McAdams and Guo, 2015). The dataset from the 32 themes analyzed in the current study is available at: https://doi.org/10.26188/5e9950060e4d3, Allik J (2005) Personality dimensions across cultures. Further, while it might be useful to compare high-SPS and low-SPS experiences, such comparisons undermine the value of understanding high-SPS experiences in and of themselves. Palgrave Commun 6, 103 (2020). Identify and discuss other important personality traits that affect behavior in … Think for a moment about all of the people that you know. Less is known about individual experiences of wellbeing, especially when those experiences run counter to social norms that define the outcomes studied. It makes us think why we are similar in certain ways and different in others. It is the supreme realization of the innate habit of a living being. Personal Individ Differences 35(1):59–68. Our findings are consistent with the literature that generally associates dispositional self-awareness with high levels of psychological wellbeing, and views it as a means of alleviating psychological distress (Gu et al., 2015; Sutton, 2016). Existing SPS/wellbeing research associates high SPS with a range of maladaptive outcomes such as anxiety (Bakker and Moulding, 2012; Meredith et al., 2016), internalizing problems (Boterberg and Warreyn, 2016), depression (Brindle et al., 2015; Yano et al., 2019), social phobia (Neal et al., 2002), and low levels of life satisfaction (Booth et al., 2015), among others. A copy of interview questions was also included in the email invitations. Wellbeing is a growing area of interest worldwide (Delle Fave et al., 2013; Helliwell et al., 2016; The Treasury New Zealand Government, 2019). Google Scholar, Chiu CY, Chen J (2004) Symbols and interactions: application of the CCC Model to culture, language,and social identity. However, it is possible that the prompts colored participants’ responses. For transparency, we note several limitations of our approach, boundaries of generalization, and characteristics of the authors that could impact upon the analyses and interpretations of the data. Individual differences are often explanations for differences in learning and performance among learners. For example, trait-focused studies consistently find that extraversion and neuroticism link to positive (e.g., life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect) and negative (e.g., negative affect) wellbeing outcomes, respectively (DeNeve and Cooper, 1998; McCrae and Costa, 1991; Smillie, 2013; Smillie et al., 2015). The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factorsto human development. For example, “there’s like a desire to not be sometimes so sensitive. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. I’m just neutral to myself.” For some participants, their practice of self-compassion involved “being patient with myself,” and re-framing their internal dialog, for instance one participant shared, “I’m very conscious of the language that I use, so I’ve gotten rid of the word ‘should’.” For another participant, self-compassion was “very much about listening to what my body is telling me, but also being reflective on the way I respond to situations and respond to particular people.” One interviewee noted how practicing self-compassion helped alleviate her stress levels, “if you’re hard on yourself all the time, then you can never not be stressed.” Still, several participants noted that self-compassion was a work in progress. Individual differences can be divided into two categories: personality differences capacity One participant noted for instance, “I’ve had poor wellbeing, a little bit of anxiety, and I’ve come to understand why,” and another shared “I went through a period where I had depression and anxiety, for about two to three years.” Interviewees also shared how they continued to utilize strategies that had assisted their recovery, for example, one reported “I’m pretty good at identifying warning signs […] and I’m much better at dealing with those warning signs early.”. To better understand the experiences and perspectives of high-SPS individuals, the current study adds an idiographic exploration of how high-SPS individuals conceive of and experience wellbeing, using qualitative interviews with a subset of high-SPS individuals. The handbook of solitude: psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone. Much of the research linking personality and wellbeing has been conducted with participants embedded within WEIRD countries (Disabato et al., 2020), where extravert-centric perceptions of wellbeing dominate (Fulmer et al., 2010). The study of individual differences among learners’ permits is done with the idea that results can help educators design instruction that better meets the needs of each learner’s needs. However, this extravert-centric conception of wellbeing does not fit many individuals who live within WEIRD societies, and studies find that this mismatch can have detrimental effects on their wellbeing. Let me understand some of them to you: Personality is a dynamic whole: The definition of Personality given by Allport reveals that the personality is the dynamic whole. Cultures explicitly and implicitly create and reinforce social norms and expectations, which impact upon how individuals make sense of and experience their place within that culture. Clin Psychol Rev 37(April):1–12, CAS The differences in psychological characteristics are often consistent and form a stable pattern. Qualitative explorations—such as ours—provide rich data that can answer the what, how, and when of individual wellbeing (Hefferon et al., 2017). Definition of individual difference • Individual differences stand for the variations or deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or a number of characteristics -Carter B. Personality research has long struggled to reconcile competing agendas between nomothetic approaches and the idiographic study of people’s unique experiences in life (McAdams and Olsen, 2010). As Hefferon et al. Int J Wellbeing 9(4):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093396, Cooke PJ, Melchert TP, Connor K (2016) Measuring well-being: a review of instruments. Aligned with seeing wellbeing as multi-dimensional in nature, interviewees suggested that many of the enablers impact across multiple wellbeing dimensions. J Res Personal 41(4):908–916, Nguyen TT, Ryan RM, Deci EL (2018) Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Nature / Nurture or Both!The controversy over what determines who we are, whether it is Nature (heredity, our biological make up) or Nurture (our environment) is taking a new shape. Although recent years have expanded wellbeing research and practice worldwide, much of this literature has occurred in what have been called “Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic” (WEIRD) countries, including the US, the UK, and Australia (Henrich et al., 2010a, 2010b). Knowing about the specific characteristics of a person is necessary in order to extend support and utilize his or her potential to optimal level. Associations between wellbeing and personality have long been recognized. It happens in our day-to-day life when we see people around us. Personal Individ Differences 83(Sept):44–49. It is important for teachers to know variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of the learners. Pervin (2000: 30) attributes the major role in determining personality to genetic factors. Handbook of research methods in personality psychology. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA (online), Neal JA, Edelmann RJ, Glachan M (2002) Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: is there a specific relationship with social phobia? https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0037-5, Leary MR, Herbst KC, McCrary F (2003) Finding pleasure in solitary activities: desire for aloneness or disinterest in social contact? Acknowledging and accepting both good and bad aspects of the self are key attributes of self-acceptance (Ryff, 1989a) and these were reflected in participant reports. A qualitative exploration of individual differences in wellbeing for highly sensitive individuals. SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. Since ancient times, differences among people have been considered by men of learning, especially by philosophers and physicians. Individual differences stand for the variation or deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or number of characteristics. Nature and Nurture. Such studies often generalize findings, assuming universal notions of wellbeing (Zevnik, 2014), without recognizing the surrounding culture that values a particular type of wellbeing—one that does not apply to everyone within that culture (Christopher, 1999). Large surveys can provide average levels of wellbeing, which are often generalized across a population (Eckersley, 2016), but these surveys are unable to tell us the associated practices that people use to foster their wellbeing. PubMed Central 10.5964%2Fejop.v12i4.1178, MathSciNet https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.2, McAdams DP, Guo J (2015) Narrating the generative life. When speaking of an individual, the key difference between a feature and a characteristic is that a feature is used to describe a distinctive part of the face, while a characteristic refers to a quality that is typical of an individual. How do they do this? Indeed, studies in Australia, where the current study was conducted, show a distinctive cultural preference for extraversion (Lawn et al., 2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0090-6, Listou Grimen H, Diseth A (2016) Sensory processing sensitivity: factors of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale and their relationships to personality and subjective health complaints. On the other hand women on the average show small superiority over men in memory, language and aesthetic sense. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411108095761, Smillie LD (2013) Why does it feel good to act like an extravert? Self-concept include things (factor) got by nature like gene, i.e., heredity and the biological formations and by nurture, i.e., through the social and environmental factors. Echoing this sentiment, Eysenck (1983) posited that “happiness is a thing called stable extraversion” (p. 67). City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong, pp. Quiet flourishing: the authenticity and well-being of trait introverts living in the West depends on extraversion-deficit beliefs. The current study specifically focuses on experiences of wellbeing for people that are highly sensitive. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. These themes align with research associating greater individual wellbeing with harmonious relationships (typified by high warmth and low levels of conflict; Sherman et al., 2006) and the fulfillment of the psychological need for relatedness (Patrick et al., 2007; Ryan and Deci, 2017). In the larger study, 152 participants scored high on wellbeing; of these, ~24% (n = 37; 2 males, 34 females, 1 other gender) could be classified as high SPS. It is individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The MIT Press, Boston, pp. Our participants identified physical health issues, the challenge of saying “no”, and the sense of having too much on one’s plate as barriers to their wellbeing. 218–240, Sobocko K, Zelenski JM (2015) Trait sensory-processing sensitivity and subjective well-being: distinctive associations for different aspects of sensitivity.
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